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# Changelog
All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/),
and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
## [0.14.1] - 2025-01-25
### Changed
- Updated README.md with Windows skip parameters and VNC password info
- Updated CLAUDE.md with Windows script documentation and security patterns
- Fixed VNC password minimum documentation (6 → 8 chars)
## [0.14.0] - 2025-01-25
### Security
- Add SHA256 checksum verification for Ubuntu cloud image downloads (prevents MITM attacks)
- Add strict input validation for git name, email, VM password, and VNC password
- Validate loaded config.env values to detect tampering
- VNC password minimum increased from 6 to 8 characters
- Block shell metacharacters in all user inputs to prevent injection
- Config file created with restricted ACL from the start (no race condition window)
- Add security reminder to remove cloud-init ISO after first boot (contains passwords)
### Added
- ARM64 architecture detection for Windows on ARM devices
- Log file creation at `$env:TEMP\setup_env_windows_<timestamp>.log`
- Cleanup on failure: automatically removes partial VM, disk, and ISO on error
- Hosts file backup before modification (removed on success, kept on failure)
- Input validation functions: `Test-GitName`, `Test-GitEmail`, `Test-VMPassword`, `Test-VNCPassword`
- Checksum caching to avoid re-downloading verification data
### Changed
- Ubuntu image URL now uses detected architecture instead of hardcoded amd64
- All major operations now log to file for troubleshooting
- VM creation wrapped in try/catch with automatic cleanup on failure
## [0.13.0] - 2025-01-25
### Changed
- Rewrote `setup_env_windows.ps1` to fully implement WINDOWS_PLAN.md
- Password handling uses cloud-init `chpasswd` with plaintext (type: text) instead of broken hash generation
- Multiple ISO creation methods with fallback chain: oscdimg → WSL genisoimage → IMAPI2 COM
- Downloads use BITS transfer for reliability with progress reporting
- SSH readiness checking with timeout before displaying connection info
### Added
- Component skip parameters: `-SkipVNC`, `-SkipPostgreSQL`, `-SkipOllama`, `-SkipPlaywright`
- VNC password support via base64 encoding in cloud-init
- Automatic hosts file cleanup when VM is deleted with `-Force`
- Proper prerequisite checking for Hyper-V, Windows edition, and admin privileges
### Fixed
- Cloud-init password configuration (was using bash syntax in PowerShell)
- ISO creation now works without Windows ADK by using WSL or IMAPI2 fallbacks
- Hosts file handling with proper admin privilege elevation
## [0.12.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- Python runtime management via mise (alongside Node.js, Erlang, Elixir)
- `WINDOWS_PLAN.md` documenting Hyper-V implementation strategy and security rationale
### Fixed
- Tidewave CLI download URL (now uses correct `tidewave_app` repo with musl binaries)
### Changed
- Python is now a selectable component managed by mise instead of system apt
## [0.11.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- Windows support via Hyper-V for maximum security isolation
- `setup_env_windows.ps1` PowerShell script with full VM provisioning
- Ubuntu cloud image support with cloud-init automation
- SSH key generation for passwordless VM access on Windows
- Hosts file integration for easy `<vmname>.local` access
### Security
- Hyper-V provides stronger isolation than WSL2 (separate kernel, network, filesystem)
- No host integration services enabled by default
## [0.10.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- OpenCode: Open-source AI coding assistant with multi-provider support
- Tidewave CLI: Elixir/Phoenix MCP server for AI-powered development
- New component selection options for OpenCode and Tidewave
## [0.9.1] - 2025-01-25
### Fixed
- Add error checking for base64 decode operations in VM provisioning
- Add `set -e` to VM bootstrap script for early failure detection
## [0.9.0] - 2025-01-25
### Security
- Fix rustup pipe-to-shell vulnerability: now downloads to temp file with validation before execution
- Fix SKIP_EXPORTS command injection risk: refactored to use base64-encoded list instead of shell command string
- Fix Playwright symlink path validation: validates executable and path prefix before creating symlinks
## [0.8.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- Project memory system using CLAUDE.md, CHANGELOG.md, and README.md
- Versioning rules and documentation update guidelines in CLAUDE.md
## [0.7.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- CHANGELOG.md with version history following Keep a Changelog format
## [0.6.0] - 2025-01-25
### Changed
- All tools now use latest versions by default instead of pinning specific versions
- PostgreSQL authentication uses scram-sha-256 for all TCP connections
- Simplified tool installation by removing version pinning constraints
### Security
- VNC passwords are never stored and must be entered each time
- Added documentation for input validation patterns and safe config loading
## [0.5.0] - 2025-01-25
### Security
- Prevents shell injection through input validation and safe parameter passing
- Replaces direct sourcing with manual config parsing to avoid code execution
- Downloads and validates install scripts before execution instead of piping
- Uses base64 encoding for secure VM parameter transmission
- Adds checksum verification for binary downloads
- Creates secure temporary directories and files with proper permissions
## [0.4.0] - 2025-01-25
### Changed
- Replaces sequential installation with parallel step execution
- Introduces real-time progress dashboard with spinner and status
- Removes color variables to improve terminal compatibility
- Restructures logging with per-step files for better debugging
### Performance
- Significantly reduces total setup time by running independent steps concurrently
## [0.3.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- Dual-mode operation: orchestration on macOS, provisioning on Linux
- Interactive component selection with visual menu interface
- VNC desktop access for OAuth workflows and browser-based tasks
### Security
- Secure VM creation with disabled host filesystem access
## [0.2.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- OrbStack development sandbox setup script
- mise version manager with Node.js, Erlang, and Elixir support
- PostgreSQL 16 with remote access configuration
- Claude Code integration with multiple plugin marketplaces
- Chromium browser and Playwright for automation tasks
## [0.1.0] - 2025-01-25
### Added
- Initial project structure

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# CLAUDE.md # CLAUDE.md
## Project Memory
This project uses three documentation files as persistent memory. **You must keep these files up to date when making changes:**
| File | Purpose | Update When |
|------|---------|-------------|
| `CLAUDE.md` | Technical context for Claude Code sessions | Adding new patterns, conventions, or implementation details |
| `CHANGELOG.md` | Version history following Keep a Changelog format | Every commit (add entry, bump version) |
| `README.md` | User-facing documentation | Changing user-visible behavior, adding features, or modifying usage |
### Versioning Rules
- Use semantic versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH)
- Increment PATCH for bug fixes and minor updates
- Increment MINOR for new features and enhancements
- Increment MAJOR for breaking changes
- Tag every commit with its version: `git tag -a vX.Y.Z -m "Description"`
## Project Overview ## Project Overview
This repository provides scripts for creating isolated development sandboxes for Claude Code on macOS (OrbStack) and Windows (Hyper-V). Both platforms offer full VM isolation for safely running AI coding assistants with elevated permissions. This repository contains a dual-mode setup script for creating OrbStack-based development sandboxes tailored for Claude Code with Elixir/Erlang, browser automation, and PostgreSQL.
**Supported platforms:**
- **macOS**: OrbStack VMs (ARM64 Apple Silicon)
- **Windows**: Hyper-V VMs (maximum security, stronger than WSL2)
## Repository Structure ## Repository Structure
``` ```
setup_env.sh - macOS script (OrbStack host mode + Linux VM provisioning) setup_env.sh - Main script (macOS host mode + Linux VM provisioning mode)
setup_env_windows.ps1 - Windows script (Hyper-V with cloud-init) config.env.example - Example credentials file
WINDOWS_PLAN.md - Windows implementation plan and security rationale config.env - User credentials (gitignored, created on first run)
config.env.example - Example credentials file .gitignore - Ignores config.env
config.env - User credentials (gitignored, created on first run) README.md - User-facing documentation
.gitignore - Ignores config.env CLAUDE.md - This file (context for Claude Code sessions)
README.md - User-facing documentation
CHANGELOG.md - Version history (Keep a Changelog format)
CLAUDE.md - This file (context for Claude Code sessions)
``` ```
## How the Script Works ## How the Script Works
@ -53,11 +28,11 @@ This means `./setup_env.sh my-vm` on macOS does everything end-to-end.
- **Target environment**: OrbStack Ubuntu VM on macOS Apple Silicon (ARM64) - **Target environment**: OrbStack Ubuntu VM on macOS Apple Silicon (ARM64)
- **Version manager**: mise (manages Node.js, Erlang, Elixir) - **Version manager**: mise (manages Node.js, Erlang, Elixir)
- **Versions**: All tools use latest by default. Erlang/Elixir versions can be configured at the top of `setup_env.sh` (`ERLANG_VERSION`, `ELIXIR_VERSION`) - set to "latest" or pin to specific versions - **Language versions**: Configured at the top of `setup_env.sh` as variables (`ERLANG_VERSION`, `ELIXIR_VERSION`)
- **PostgreSQL auth**: Peer for local socket, scram-sha-256 for all TCP connections (localhost and network) - **PostgreSQL auth**: Peer for local socket, trust for localhost TCP (127.0.0.1), scram-sha-256 for host network (192.168.0.0/16)
- **Browser**: Chromium (no Chrome ARM64 Linux builds exist), symlinked to `google-chrome` - **Browser**: Chromium (no Chrome ARM64 Linux builds exist), symlinked to `google-chrome`
- **VNC**: TigerVNC + XFCE on display :1 (port 5901), controlled via `vnc-start`/`vnc-stop` helpers in `~/bin` - **VNC**: TigerVNC + XFCE on display :1 (port 5901), controlled via `vnc-start`/`vnc-stop` helpers in `~/bin`
- **Shared credentials**: `config.env` stores git name/email only; VNC password is prompted each time (never stored) - **Shared credentials**: `config.env` is created once and reused for all VMs
## Working on This Project ## Working on This Project
@ -86,40 +61,9 @@ This means `./setup_env.sh my-vm` on macOS does everything end-to-end.
- `--yes`/`-y` accepts all components without prompting but still allows interactive credential entry - `--yes`/`-y` accepts all components without prompting but still allows interactive credential entry
- `MISE_GLOBAL_CONFIG_FILE` and `MISE_CONFIG_DIR` are set to prevent OrbStack host-mount config pollution - `MISE_GLOBAL_CONFIG_FILE` and `MISE_CONFIG_DIR` are set to prevent OrbStack host-mount config pollution
### Security Patterns (macOS/Linux)
- **Input validation**: Use `validate_vm_name()`, `validate_vnc_password()`, `validate_safe_input()` for all user inputs
- **Safe config loading**: Use `load_config_safely()` which parses key=value pairs without shell execution (never `source`)
- **Credential passing**: Base64-encode values before passing to VM via `orb run` to prevent shell injection
- **Download helper**: Use `download_verified_binary()` for binary downloads (supports optional checksum verification)
- **Temp files**: Always use `mktemp` with restrictive permissions (`chmod 600`/`700`)
- **Symlinks**: Check with `[ ! -e path ]` (not `[ ! -L path ]`) to avoid overwriting existing files
- **Architecture detection**: Use `detect_architecture()` for portable binary downloads
### Editing setup_env_windows.ps1
- PowerShell script for Windows Hyper-V VM creation
- Uses Ubuntu cloud images with cloud-init for automated provisioning
- Supports ARM64 architecture detection for Windows on ARM
- Skip parameters: `-SkipVNC`, `-SkipPostgreSQL`, `-SkipOllama`, `-SkipPlaywright`
- ISO creation fallback chain: oscdimg → WSL genisoimage → IMAPI2 COM
- Log file created at `$env:TEMP\setup_env_windows_<timestamp>.log`
### Security Patterns (Windows)
- **Input validation**: Use `Test-GitName`, `Test-GitEmail`, `Test-VMPassword`, `Test-VNCPassword` for all user inputs
- **Config file security**: ACL set to owner-only before writing content (no race condition)
- **Config validation**: Loaded config.env values are re-validated to detect tampering
- **Checksum verification**: Ubuntu image verified against SHA256 checksums from Canonical
- **Cleanup on failure**: `Invoke-Cleanup` removes partial VM, disk, and ISO on errors
- **Hosts file backup**: Created before modification, removed on success, kept on failure
- **Cloud-init ISO**: Contains passwords in plaintext; user reminded to remove after first boot
### Testing ### Testing
There are no automated tests. To test changes: There are no automated tests. To test changes:
**macOS:**
1. Remove an existing test VM: `orb delete test-sandbox` 1. Remove an existing test VM: `orb delete test-sandbox`
2. Run: `./setup_env.sh test-sandbox` 2. Run: `./setup_env.sh test-sandbox`
3. Verify provisioning completes 3. Verify provisioning completes
@ -127,21 +71,10 @@ There are no automated tests. To test changes:
5. Test VNC: `ssh test-sandbox@orb -- vnc-start`, then `open vnc://test-sandbox.orb.local:5901` 5. Test VNC: `ssh test-sandbox@orb -- vnc-start`, then `open vnc://test-sandbox.orb.local:5901`
6. Clean up: `orb delete test-sandbox` 6. Clean up: `orb delete test-sandbox`
**Windows:**
1. Remove existing test VM: `Stop-VM -Name test-sandbox -Force; Remove-VM -Name test-sandbox -Force`
2. Run: `.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName test-sandbox`
3. Verify provisioning completes (check `/var/log/provision.log` in VM)
4. Test SSH: `ssh -i $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ed25519_test-sandbox dev@test-sandbox.local`
5. Clean up: `Stop-VM -Name test-sandbox -Force; Remove-VM -Name test-sandbox -Force`
### Security Considerations ### Security Considerations
- `config.env` is chmod 600 / owner-only ACL and gitignored (stores git name/email only, never passwords) - `config.env` is chmod 600 and gitignored
- PostgreSQL uses scram-sha-256 for all TCP connections (peer auth for local socket) - PostgreSQL remote access uses scram-sha-256 (not trust)
- The script refuses to run as root inside the VM - The script refuses to run as root inside the VM
- VNC password is required (min 8 chars), validated to block shell metacharacters, never stored - VNC password is required (min 6 chars)
- VNC binds to all interfaces (`-localhost no`) to allow connections from the host — this is intentional and documented - VNC binds to all interfaces (`-localhost no`) to allow connections from the macOS host — this is intentional for the OrbStack use case
- All user inputs are validated before use to prevent command injection
- External scripts (mise, ollama) are downloaded to temp files and validated before execution
- Host filesystem access is disabled inside the VM for isolation
- Windows: Ubuntu image downloads are verified against SHA256 checksums

115
README.md
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@ -1,27 +1,20 @@
# Secure AI Coding Sandboxes # OrbStack Development Sandbox
Disposable, isolated Linux VMs for running Claude Code with `--dangerously-skip-permissions`. One command creates a fully provisioned environment. Blow it away and recreate it in minutes. Disposable, isolated Linux VMs for running Claude Code with `--dangerously-skip-permissions`. One command creates a fully provisioned environment. Blow it away and recreate it in minutes.
The VM is a real Linux machine with its own filesystem, network, and process space — complete isolation from your host with easy access for development. The VM is a real Linux machine with its own filesystem, network, and process space — but you edit files from your Mac, access services on `*.orb.local`, and SSH in without any key setup. All the isolation of a container with none of the friction.
| Platform | Script | Isolation Level |
|----------|--------|-----------------|
| **macOS** | `setup_env.sh` (OrbStack) | Full VM isolation |
| **Windows** | `setup_env_windows.ps1` (Hyper-V) | Full VM isolation |
## Why This Exists ## Why This Exists
Running `claude --dangerously-skip-permissions` on your host machine means Claude can execute arbitrary commands, install packages, modify system files, and access everything on your disk. That's powerful for autonomous coding but risky on a machine with your SSH keys, credentials, and personal files. Running `claude --dangerously-skip-permissions` on your host machine means Claude can execute arbitrary commands, install packages, modify system files, and access everything on your disk. That's powerful for autonomous coding but risky on a machine with your SSH keys, credentials, and personal files.
These scripts create throwaway VMs where Claude can run unrestricted: This script creates throwaway VMs where Claude can run unrestricted:
- **Isolated filesystem** — Claude can't touch your host files, keys, or configs - **Isolated filesystem** — Claude can't touch your macOS files, keys, or configs
- **Isolated network** — services run on their own IP, no port conflicts with your host - **Isolated network** — services run on their own IP, no port conflicts with your host
- **Disposable**delete and recreate in one command - **Disposable**`orb delete my-sandbox` wipes everything; recreate in one command
- **Multiple VMs** — run separate sandboxes per project with shared git credentials - **Multiple VMs** — run separate sandboxes per project with shared git credentials
- **Full access from host** — edit files in your editor, browse databases, view running apps - **Full access from Mac** — edit files in your editor, browse databases, view running apps
## Quick Start (macOS)
```bash ```bash
# Create a sandbox, SSH in, run Claude unrestricted # Create a sandbox, SSH in, run Claude unrestricted
@ -32,14 +25,14 @@ claude --dangerously-skip-permissions
If anything goes wrong: `orb delete my-project && ./setup_env.sh my-project` If anything goes wrong: `orb delete my-project && ./setup_env.sh my-project`
### macOS Setup ## Quick Start
```bash ```bash
# Create and provision a VM (one command from macOS) # Create and provision a VM (one command from macOS)
./setup_env.sh my-sandbox ./setup_env.sh my-sandbox
``` ```
On first run, you'll be prompted for git commit author name and email. These are saved to `config.env` and reused for all future VMs. You'll also get an interactive checklist to select which components to install. If you select VNC, you'll be prompted for a VNC password (this is never stored and must be entered each time). On first run, you'll be prompted for git name, email, and a VNC password. These are saved to `config.env` and reused for all future VMs. You'll also get an interactive checklist to select which components to install.
```bash ```bash
# Create additional VMs — reuses config.env, shows component picker # Create additional VMs — reuses config.env, shows component picker
@ -58,65 +51,11 @@ When run manually inside a VM, you're prompted for each component individually:
./setup_env.sh --yes ./setup_env.sh --yes
``` ```
### macOS Requirements ## Requirements
- macOS with Apple Silicon (ARM64) - macOS with Apple Silicon (ARM64)
- [OrbStack](https://orbstack.dev) installed (`brew install orbstack`) - [OrbStack](https://orbstack.dev) installed (`brew install orbstack`)
## Quick Start (Windows)
```powershell
# Run as Administrator
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-project
# Connect via SSH (after provisioning)
ssh -i $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ed25519_my-project dev@my-project.local
# Run Claude unrestricted
claude --dangerously-skip-permissions
```
If anything goes wrong: `Remove-VM -Name my-project -Force` then run the script again.
### Windows Setup
```powershell
# Create and provision a VM (run as Administrator)
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-sandbox
# Customize resources
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-sandbox -MemoryGB 16 -DiskGB 100 -CPUs 8
# Skip optional components
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-sandbox -SkipVNC -SkipOllama
```
On first run, you'll be prompted for:
- Git commit author name and email (saved to `config.env`)
- VM user password (min 8 chars, not stored)
- VNC password if VNC is enabled (min 8 chars, not stored)
### Windows Requirements
- Windows 10/11 Pro, Enterprise, or Education (Hyper-V not available on Home)
- Hyper-V enabled: `Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Hyper-V -All`
- Administrator privileges
- One of: Windows ADK, WSL with genisoimage, or Windows 10+ (IMAPI2 fallback)
### Why Hyper-V (not WSL2)?
WSL2 is convenient but provides weaker isolation:
- Shares kernel with all WSL2 instances
- Host filesystem mounted by default
- Can launch Windows executables from Linux
- Network traffic bypasses Windows firewall
Hyper-V provides **maximum security**:
- Separate kernel per VM
- Complete filesystem isolation
- Own network stack
- No Windows integration by default
## What Gets Installed ## What Gets Installed
All components are optional — deselect what you don't need in the interactive picker. All components are optional — deselect what you don't need in the interactive picker.
@ -125,17 +64,13 @@ All components are optional — deselect what you don't need in the interactive
|------|---------|---------| |------|---------|---------|
| mise | latest | Version manager for runtimes | | mise | latest | Version manager for runtimes |
| Node.js | LTS | JavaScript runtime | | Node.js | LTS | JavaScript runtime |
| Erlang | latest | BEAM VM | | Erlang | 28.3.1 | BEAM VM |
| Elixir | latest | Elixir language | | Elixir | 1.19.5-otp-28 | Elixir language |
| Chromium | system | Browser automation target | | Chromium | system | Browser automation target |
| Playwright | latest | Browser testing framework | | Playwright | latest | Browser testing framework |
| PostgreSQL | system default | Database | | PostgreSQL | system default | Database |
| Ollama | latest | Local LLM inference | | Ollama | latest | Local LLM inference |
| Claude Code | latest | AI coding assistant (Anthropic) | | Claude Code | latest | AI coding assistant |
| OpenCode | latest | Open-source AI coding assistant (multi-provider) |
| Tidewave | latest | Elixir/Phoenix MCP server for AI tools |
| yq | latest | YAML processor |
| watchexec | latest | File watcher (via cargo) |
| TigerVNC + XFCE | system | VNC access for browser login flows | | TigerVNC + XFCE | system | VNC access for browser login flows |
## Connecting from macOS ## Connecting from macOS
@ -242,7 +177,7 @@ A superuser matching your Linux username and a `dev` database are created automa
**Auth model:** **Auth model:**
- Local socket (`psql dev`): peer auth (OS username must match PG role) - Local socket (`psql dev`): peer auth (OS username must match PG role)
- Localhost TCP (127.0.0.1): scram-sha-256 (password required) - Localhost TCP (127.0.0.1): trust (passwordless)
- Host network (192.168.0.0/16, i.e., from macOS): scram-sha-256 - Host network (192.168.0.0/16, i.e., from macOS): scram-sha-256
### From inside the VM ### From inside the VM
@ -311,18 +246,16 @@ The script installs these plugins at user scope:
## Configuration ## Configuration
All tools are configured to use the latest versions by default. Erlang and Elixir versions can be customized in `setup_env.sh`: Edit the version variables at the top of `setup_env.sh`:
```bash ```bash
ERLANG_VERSION="latest" # or pin to specific version like "28.3.1" ERLANG_VERSION="28.3.1"
ELIXIR_VERSION="latest" # or pin to specific version like "1.19.5-otp-28" ELIXIR_VERSION="1.19.5-otp-28"
``` ```
### Shared credentials ### Shared credentials
Git credentials (name, email) are stored in `config.env` (gitignored). VNC passwords are never stored and must be entered each time you create a VM with VNC enabled. Credentials are stored in `config.env` (gitignored). To reset:
To reset git credentials:
```bash ```bash
rm config.env rm config.env
@ -361,16 +294,4 @@ The VM provisioning script is safe to run multiple times. It checks for existing
## Logs ## Logs
Each provisioning run creates a log file at `/tmp/setup_env_<timestamp>.log` inside the VM with detailed output from package installations and any errors. Log files are created with mode 600 (owner-only access). Each provisioning run creates a log file at `/tmp/setup_env_<timestamp>.log` inside the VM with detailed output from package installations and any errors.
## Security
The script includes several security hardening measures:
- **Input validation**: VM names, VNC passwords, and git credentials are validated against strict patterns
- **No credential storage**: VNC passwords are prompted each time and never written to disk
- **Safe credential passing**: Values are base64-encoded when passed to the VM to prevent shell injection
- **Config file security**: `config.env` is created with mode 600 and parsed safely (not sourced)
- **Secure temp files**: Uses `mktemp` with restrictive permissions for all temporary files
- **Host filesystem isolation**: macOS home directory access is disabled inside the VM
- **PostgreSQL hardening**: Uses peer auth for local sockets, scram-sha-256 for network connections

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@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
# Windows Hyper-V Implementation Plan
This document describes the plan for implementing secure, isolated development sandboxes on Windows using Hyper-V instead of WSL2.
## Why Hyper-V Over WSL2
### WSL2 Security Limitations
| Issue | Impact |
|-------|--------|
| **Shared kernel** | All WSL2 instances share Microsoft's Linux kernel |
| **Host filesystem access** | `/mnt/c` mounted by default, can access Windows files |
| **Bidirectional execution** | Linux can launch Windows executables |
| **Firewall bypass** | WSL2 outbound traffic bypasses Windows firewall rules |
| **Process visibility** | Windows has limited visibility into WSL2 processes |
| **Credential exposure** | Linux processes can potentially access Windows credentials |
### CVE History
- **CVE-2024-20681**: Local privilege escalation to SYSTEM via WSL
- **CVE-2025-9074**: Container escape via WSL2 filesystem sharing
- **CVE-2025-53788**: Undisclosed flaw in WSL/host communication
### Hyper-V Isolation Model
| Feature | Benefit |
|---------|---------|
| **Separate kernel** | Each VM runs its own Linux kernel |
| **Complete filesystem isolation** | No access to Windows files by default |
| **Own network stack** | Separate IP, no firewall bypass |
| **No Windows integration** | Cannot launch Windows programs |
| **Snapshot support** | Can checkpoint and restore VM state |
| **Hardware isolation** | Uses VT-x/AMD-V virtualization |
## Implementation Architecture
```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Windows Host │
│ │
│ ┌─────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ setup_env_windows.ps1│ │ Hyper-V Manager │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ • Check prereqs │───▶│ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ • Download image │ │ │ Ubuntu VM │ │ │
│ │ • Create cloud-init │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ • Provision VM │ │ │ • Isolated filesystem │ │ │
│ │ • Configure network │ │ │ • Own network (NAT) │ │ │
│ └─────────────────────┘ │ │ • Claude Code + tools │ │ │
│ │ │ • No Windows access │ │ │
│ │ └──────────────────────────┘ │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
## Script Workflow
### Phase 1: Prerequisites Check
```powershell
# Verify environment
1. Check Administrator privileges
2. Check Windows edition (Pro/Enterprise/Education required)
3. Check Hyper-V enabled
4. Check for existing VM (handle -Force flag)
5. Find suitable network switch
```
### Phase 2: Configuration
```powershell
# Collect credentials
1. Load config.env if exists (git name/email)
2. Prompt for missing values
3. Prompt for VM password (not stored)
4. Generate SSH key pair for VM access
```
### Phase 3: Image Preparation
```powershell
# Prepare Ubuntu cloud image
1. Download Ubuntu cloud image (VHDX format)
2. Cache in $env:ProgramData\HyperV-DevSandbox\Images
3. Copy and resize for new VM
4. Generate cloud-init ISO with:
- User account configuration
- SSH key injection
- Package installation
- Setup script embedding
```
### Phase 4: VM Creation
```powershell
# Create Hyper-V VM
1. Create Generation 2 VM (UEFI)
2. Configure resources (CPU, RAM, disk)
3. Disable Secure Boot (for Ubuntu)
4. Attach cloud-init ISO
5. Disable integration services for isolation
6. Enable nested virtualization (for Docker)
```
### Phase 5: Provisioning
```powershell
# Start and provision
1. Start VM
2. Wait for IP assignment
3. Add to hosts file (<vmname>.local)
4. Cloud-init runs setup_env.sh internally
5. Display connection instructions
```
## Cloud-Init Configuration
```yaml
#cloud-config
hostname: <vmname>
users:
- name: dev
sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
ssh_authorized_keys:
- <generated-public-key>
packages:
- openssh-server
- curl
- git
write_files:
- path: /tmp/setup_env.sh
content: <base64-encoded-script>
runcmd:
- bash /tmp/setup_env.sh --non-interactive --yes
```
## Security Hardening
### VM Configuration
```powershell
# Disable integration services for maximum isolation
Disable-VMIntegrationService -Name "Guest Service Interface"
Disable-VMIntegrationService -Name "Heartbeat"
# Keep Time Synchronization and Shutdown for usability
```
### Network Isolation Options
1. **NAT (Default)**: VM can access internet, isolated from LAN
2. **Internal Only**: VM can only communicate with host
3. **Private**: Completely isolated network
### Firewall Rules (Optional)
```powershell
# Allow SSH access only
New-NetFirewallRule -Name "HyperV-SSH-$VMName" `
-Direction Inbound -LocalPort 22 -Protocol TCP `
-RemoteAddress <VM-IP> -Action Allow
```
## Requirements
### Windows Edition
- Windows 10/11 Pro
- Windows 10/11 Enterprise
- Windows 10/11 Education
- Windows Server 2016+
**Not supported**: Windows 10/11 Home (no Hyper-V)
### Hardware
- 64-bit processor with SLAT (Second Level Address Translation)
- VM Monitor Mode extensions (VT-x on Intel, AMD-V on AMD)
- Minimum 4 GB RAM (8+ GB recommended)
- BIOS/UEFI virtualization enabled
### Software
- Hyper-V enabled: `Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Hyper-V -All`
- Windows ADK (for cloud-init ISO creation): [Download](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/get-started/adk-install)
## Usage
### Create Sandbox
```powershell
# Basic usage (run as Administrator)
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-project
# With custom resources
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-project -MemoryGB 16 -DiskGB 100 -CPUs 8
# Replace existing VM
.\setup_env_windows.ps1 -VMName my-project -Force
```
### Connect to Sandbox
```powershell
# Via SSH (recommended)
ssh -i $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ed25519_<vmname> dev@<vmname>.local
# Via Hyper-V console
vmconnect localhost <vmname>
```
### Manage Sandbox
```powershell
# Stop VM
Stop-VM -Name <vmname>
# Start VM
Start-VM -Name <vmname>
# Get VM IP
(Get-VM -Name <vmname> | Get-VMNetworkAdapter).IPAddresses
# Delete VM completely
Stop-VM -Name <vmname> -Force
Remove-VM -Name <vmname> -Force
Remove-Item -Path "$env:ProgramData\HyperV-DevSandbox\VMs\<vmname>" -Recurse -Force
```
## Comparison: OrbStack vs Hyper-V
| Feature | OrbStack (macOS) | Hyper-V (Windows) |
|---------|------------------|-------------------|
| Host OS | macOS only | Windows only |
| Setup complexity | Low | Medium |
| Isolation | Full VM | Full VM |
| DNS | `*.orb.local` auto | Manual hosts file |
| SSH | Automatic | Key-based |
| Filesystem sharing | Configurable | Disabled by default |
| Performance | Near-native | Near-native |
| Nested virtualization | Yes | Yes |
## Known Limitations
1. **Windows ADK Required**: Cloud-init ISO creation requires `oscdimg` from Windows ADK
2. **Manual DNS**: No automatic DNS like OrbStack's `*.orb.local`
3. **Key Management**: SSH keys generated per-VM, stored in user's .ssh folder
4. **No Clipboard Sharing**: Disabled for security (can be enabled if needed)
5. **Generation 2 Only**: Uses UEFI, no legacy BIOS support
## Future Improvements
- [ ] Add option for WSL2 (for users who prefer convenience over security)
- [ ] Implement automatic DNS via Windows hosts file or local DNS server
- [ ] Add PowerShell ISO creation without Windows ADK dependency
- [ ] Support for VM templates/checkpoints
- [ ] Integration with Windows Terminal for easy access
- [ ] Optional WinRM configuration for PowerShell remoting

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